Two kinds of years of different lengths are solar year and lunar year.
A solar year is the duration of time in which the earth makes one tour around the sun, which is 365.242 solar days.
Lunar year is the length of time it takes for the moon to make 12 rotations around the earth: this takes an average of 354.367 solar days.
Therefore, a solar year is 10.875 days longer than a lunar year.
Regarding the starting point of time, two types of calendars are being used: Hijri and Gregorian
The Gregorian one is supposed to have started with the birthday of the Prophet Îsâ ‘alaihis-salâm’. However, contrary to the common belief, it is written in Kozmoğrafya, by Hasîb Bey, that King Charles IX of France ordered in 970 [1563 A.D.] that the new year should start on 1 January. The Hijri calendar starts with the year when our Prophet ‘sall-Allâhu ’alaihi wa sallam’ migrated to the city of Medina.
Book : Seâdet-i Ebediyye Endless Bliss, Hakikat Kitabevi, Istanbul.